Related Antiquities of ancient Egypt Information about the ancient Egyptian monuments An expression of the effects of ancient Egypt The subject of an expression on the effects of Egypt Contents 1 Antiquities of Egypt 2 Pharaonic monuments 2.1 The Pyramids of Giza 2.2 The Sphinx 2.3 The Temple of Hatshepsut 2.4 The Sanfrew Oblique Pyramid 2.5 The Pyramid of Djoser 2.6 Luxor Temple 2.7 The Red Pyramid 2.8 Valley of the Kings 2.9 Abu Simbel 2.10 Karnak 3 Islamic monuments 3.1 Mosque of Amr ibn al-As 3.2 Al-Azhar Mosque 3.3 Ibn Tulun Mosque 4 other effects 4.1 Dandara Temple Complex 4.2 The Kalabsha Temple 4.3 Temples of Philae Island 4.4 Fortress of Babylon 4.5 Sarabium Temple 4.6 mast mast 4.7 The tombs of Kom el Shoqafa 4.8 Roman Theater 4.9 The Hanging Church 5 References Antiquities of Egypt The ancient Egyptian civilization continued for three thousand years, when its kings left landmarks that reduced a huge amount of skill and knowledge in architecture and arts. Many of their relics are still standing to this day and in good condition. Many pyramids, temples and sphinxes still attract tourists from all over the world Thousands of years after its construction, [1] the pyramids were also associated with the Egyptian civilization in the minds of people despite its presence in many other ancient civilizations, such as the Chinese civilization and the Mayan civilization. [2] Volume 0% Pharaonic antiquities Giza Pyramids The three pyramids of Giza were built on a rocky plateau located on the west bank of the Nile near Giza in northern Egypt. These pyramids were one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, in addition to being chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 AD, and the three pyramids are known by the names of the ruler who Built during his reign, the first pyramids were built in the far north during the reign of King Khufu, the second king of the Fourth Dynasty, and he was called the Khufu pyramid , as it is called the Great Pyramid, where the length of each side of its base is 230 meters, and the height is The real is about 147 meters. [3] The middle pyramid of King Khafre, the fourth king of the Fourth Dynasty, was built, and he was called Khafre Pyramid . The length of each side of its base is about 216 meters, and its true height is 143 meters. The southern pyramid Menkaure has been built. During the reign of King Menkaure the fifth king of the Fourth Dynasty, the length of each side of its base reaches 109 meters, and its true height reaches about 66 meters. [3] The three pyramids were looted throughout the ancient and medieval ages, as their precious contents are not found in the inner tombs, in addition to the disappearance of the outer layer of white lime, which led to a decrease in its true height, with the exception of the Khafre Pyramid as it retains a layer of white limestone in the upper part of it only. [3] sphinx Is the statue of the Sphinx ( in English: Sphinx) of the oldest sculptures of archaeological known, which is a huge statue for him the body of a lion and the face of a man, is located on the Giza Plateau , the location of the pyramids of the Kingdom of ancient three most famous; the pyramid of King Khufu, the pyramid of King Khafre , son of King Khufu, the pyramid of King The grandson of King Khufu is knocked off, and some scholars believe that the face of the statue was the embodiment of the face of King Khafra, and the length of the statue is about 73.5 meters, and the highest height above it is about 20 meters, and the interpretation of the shape of the Sphinx is that the king built it to be a way to observe the pyramids A guard of the temples in the area, referred Li 's nose loss of the statue in the era of Napoleon. [4] Hatshepsut Temple The Temple of Hatshepsut was built in 1458 BC, and it is located on a slope in the western side of the city of Luxor, and this site was distinguished as a holy place for the god Hathor, as it was used as a monastery after entering the Christian religion, hence its name named Deir el-Bahari, the temple consists of three levels, and the Polish National Academy of Sciences was responsible for the restoration of these three levels, where the ruins of the Anubis Church at the northern end of the second level of the temple were discovered, and the statue of Osiris standing in front of one of the The columns are in the third level of the temple. [5] Leaning pyramid of Senefru The pyramid of Senefru is considered the first pyramids built in the village of Dahshur, and is characterized by its unique shape, which was the reason for its name, as it was built according to the different angles of the pyramid, where construction began at an angle of 54 to 55 degrees, and at a height of 45 meters the angle of inclination was reduced to 43 degrees, There are many points of view that some believe are the reason for the difference in the angle of the pyramid, including that King Senefru had realized that his pyramid had begun to collapse due to the declining angle of inclination, so he decided to reduce the angle in order to avoid its collapse, while the second belief was that construction work had continued for a long time, and then King Senefru decided Reduce the angle to th Ad amount remaining construction and speed up the construction process, and some likely reason is due to an unknown religious purpose but for this reason is unacceptable to many scientists. [6] The Pyramid of Djoser The Pyramid of Djoser was discovered during Napoleon's military campaigns in the period between 1798 AD and 1801 A.D., Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty and he was the first to build a stone after it became common to build tombs from dry clay bricks. Upward, forming a step pyramid, where it started with a square terrace with a height of about six meters, in contrast to what was common in the construction of the pyramids with a rectangular base, then Amhotep completed the construction with rectangular pans and the reason for this was not known, and at the end of the construction the height of the Pyramid of Djoser was 62 meters recorded at the top of the building at that time. [7] Luxor temple The Luxor Temple dates back to 1392 BC on the eastern bank of the Nile, and was dedicated to the gods Mut, Khonsu, and Amun, and it contains ten sections, and the entrance extends for 61 meters, and the temple includes many important landmarks For the Egyptian civilization, such as the court of Ramses II, the court of Amenhotep III, the Church of Death, the Church of Khonsu, the Church of Amun, the Hall of Birth, the Sphinx, and the Roman camp, and the walls of the temple were constructed of clay bricks, in order to achieve the symbolism of separation between the Egyptians and their gods. [8] The Red Pyramid The Red Pyramid is considered the oldest pyramid ever in the world, and it was called the Red Pyramid because of the red covering layer that appeared after the white limestone layer disappeared, and the architects built the Red Pyramid at an angle of 43 degrees, i.e. the same angle as the upper part of Milan From the pyramid of Senefru, the pyramid consists of an entrance that contains 125 steep steps, going up and down, in addition to a corridor about 63 meters long leading to two rooms with roofs up to 12 meters in height, and another room with a vault believed to belong to Senphro. [9] Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings is considered a land taken during the modern kingdom in Egypt to bury the kings of the pharaohs, such as Tutankhamun , Seti the First, Ramses II, and other priests and queens, and this valley is considered one of the most famous tombs in Egyptian civilization, and is located On the west bank of the Nile near Luxor. [10] The ancient pharaohs were busy leaving traces for them on the surface of the earth, but they spent a lot of time and effort in creating shrines under the ground, where they used embalming to preserve their bodies because they believed in the continuation of life after death, as they were burying all the physical tools such as furniture, clothes, and jewelry that they believed to be The king will need it in the next life, in addition to providing the grave with enough food and drinks to hold celebrations in the next life in their belief, as they were adding holy things for them to the grave, thinking that it would help the deceased to achieve eternal life H. [10] Abu Simbel The Abu Simbel Temple (in English: engraved in the rock) is located on the rock on the west bank of the Nile, south of Aswan, where the temple area was surrounded by brick walls, and the temple took a place for it between the slopes of sandstone and the Nile River, as well as two sides were surrounded by two barriers with a group Of the falcons and statues of King Ramses, the temple was built during the reign of Pharaoh Ramses II in 1257 BC, as was the site before that of the holy sites of King Hathor. [11] The temple is characterized by longitudinal entry of sunlight into it twice every year; on the twenty-second of February and the twenty-second of October, where the light meets the back wall of the deepest shrine and the statues of the four gods sitting there. This forced it to be dismantled and rebuilt by UNESCO and the Egyptian government between 1964 and 1966, 61 meters above the original site of the temple. [11] Crank The complex of monuments and temples of Karnak is one of the largest ancient complexes that testify to the power of ancient Pharaonic civilization despite the damage caused to it, and the most important temples and monuments found in the complex of Karnak Temple include the following: [12] Great Sphinx Street: The Avenue of Sphinxes is located at the entrance to the complex, and on both sides are surrounded by statues of the Sphinx. There is also a statue of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu outside the Karnak complex on the road leading to Luxor . The Great Temple of Amun: The Great Temple of Amun is the main temple in Karnak. It has undergone many additions and improvements over the centuries, as is the case with all ancient Egyptian temples. However, the main form currently visible in its construction belongs to the Pharaoh Tuthmosis the First. He expanded it to suit the power and majesty of the gods and king. First booth Sisostras: booth is located Sisostras the first (English: The Kiosk of Sesostris) north of the Great Temple of Amun, one of the oldest structures in the Karnak complex, as it was built of limestone, was held to celebrate the royal jubilee. Petah Temple: Temple of Ptah ( in English: The Temple of Ptah) was built by King Thutmose III, has been expanded and renovated during the reign of the ruling Ethiopian Habaca and some of the Ptolemies, and begins with the entrance of the temple from the west by five consecutive gates. Northern Temple: accessible to the northern temple (area English: Northern Temple Precinct) through the Temple of Ptah, has been built north gate of the temple by King Ptolemy. Temple of Monto: The Temple of Montu (in English: Temple of Montu) is located inside the northern temple, and was built by Amenhotep III, as it was expanded several times to the Ptolemaic era, and the remaining traces of sculptures and architectural elements in the temple show the extent of the technical skills that existed at that time. Temple of Ramses II: The Temple of Ramses II was built near the eastern exit of the Great Temple of Amun, and to the left of it is another temple of King Ramses II. The East Gate: The East Gate is located east of Ramses II, and the gate is located in brick-built walls of about 19 meters high. The sacred lake: The Sacred Lake is located to the south of Ramses II's wall that surrounds the Temple of Amun, and is known as the navigation pond, due to the intensity of the salinity of its water. Temple of Khonsu: The Temple of Khonsu was built by Ramses III, and is one of the most important symbols of architecture in the New Kingdom. It is accessed by means of a large tower about 32 meters long. Temple of Osiris and Opet is located on the southwestern side of Khonsu Temple, and it was built on a base nearly three meters above the ground level. Temple of Death: Temple of Death ( in English: Temple of Mut) built by King Amenhotep III, and there at the entrance to the temple columns carrying figures god Pace, as the entrance also contains inscriptions dating back to the Ptolemaic period. Southern Temple Precinct: The temple was built during the reign of Horemheb, and its stones were taken from the temple of Amenhotep IV. Temple of Osiris: The temple was built by Osorkon III, opposite the eastern wall of the Karnak Archeological Complex. Islamic antiquities Mosque of Amr ibn al-As Bani Amr ibn Mosque Aas in 641 AD after the mystery companion Amr Ibn al - Roman rulers in Egypt in 640 AD, and the mosque was a center for the growth of the city of Fustat around and prosperity, was also used stone, wood, clay bricks to build it , and some remained monuments very old mosque - framed The doors, as the mosque was destroyed and restored several times throughout its history, and one of the most important leaders who restored it was Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi in 1179 AD, after his defeat of the Crusaders. [13] Al Azhar mosque The Al-Azhar Mosque was founded by the Fatimid Fateh Jawhar al-Skalli in 970 CE, when it was a mosque that brings together residents of the city of New Cairo, then a university was established in 988 AD, and is characterized by the presence of corridors separated by marble columns topped by circular arches, in addition to the presence of the courtyard surrounded by three galleries, which was completed The addition of a fourth portico during the reign of the Caliph Al-Hafiz. The mosque also contains many motifs painted in plaster. [14] Ibn Tulun Mosque The history of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun dates back to Ahmad ibn Tulun, who was the ruler of Fustat during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun. During the period of the Mamluk rule, the mosque is considered one of the symbols that express the dominance of the Samaritan culture, as it is built entirely of red brick, and has a spiral stone minaret, and Andalusian influence also appears in the architectural façades and windows shapes, where arched windows in the form of a horseshoe have been used Q. The reason for the Andalusian influence is due to the resettlement of the Andalusian Muslim refugees in Egypt. [15] Other effects Dandara Temple Complex The temple complex located in Dandara is considered one of the most famous groupings of temples in Egypt, located 2.5 kilometers east of the Dandara area, and an area of about 40,000 square meters. Among the most important temples in this gathering are the Temple of Hathor and The birth of Isis, surrounded by mud walls separating it from the Roman stalls, in addition to the presence of a gate dating back to the reign of Emperor Trajan and Emperor Domitian leading to a large open courtyard leading to the Temple of Hathor. [16] Kalabsha Temple The Temple of Kalabsha is located in Aswan, and it was moved from its location to another location in Aswan in 1970 AD, and it was built of sandstone in the period from 30 BC to 14 BC during the Roman Emperor August, and was intended for the Nubian sun god, in addition to that it was a model for building in the Ptolemaic period, as it contains towers, a courtyard, a hall of columns, and three rooms that were used as shelters, and the temple was built on the remains of a small church, as many buildings appear in the building From inscriptions and decorations dating back to the period between 360 AD to 550 AD, in addition to the presence of writings dating back to the middle of the century Fifth century. [17] Temples of Philae Island Philae Island is located in the Nile River between the ancient Aswan Dam and the Aswan High Dam in southern Egypt, and the name Philae belongs to Greek origins, as the name "Pilak" of the island is derived from the Copts and means the distant place, and the island is known locally as Anas Palace, which is the name He refers to a legend in the novel "One Thousand and One Nights," and in the island a place that was attractive to erect ancient temples and shrines due to its height above the river's flood level, extending for a length of 460 meters and a width of 150 meters. The island was chosen as one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1979 AD. [18] Philae Island gained great importance over time, as it was devoted to the worship of the god Isis. The temple of Isis was constructed during the reign of Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III. From the temples before being partially flooded with the water of the Nile River, such as the temple of Imhotep and the temple of Hathor, except that the decorations and paints in the temples were damaged, so the temples were transferred to the high island of Agilkia, where it was rebuilt in the same old form in the year 1980 AD. [18] Babylon Fortress Babylon Fortress building dates back to the sixth century BC during the Persian era, and was built near the slopes of the Nile River, then it was moved to a location closer to the river and its current location by Emperor Trajan due to the problems of water delivery to it, The Romans also took advantage of the site of the strategic fortress near the Nile and used it throughout their rule in Egypt, and the fortress flourished by the Arab conquest of Egypt in 640 AD, as the outer walls became tall, and a trench and a port were established, in addition to extending a canal linking the fort to the Red Sea, and the fortress was also exploited. During the Christian period of He controlled traffic and trade along the Nile and the canal that connected the fort to the Red Sea, in addition to being a refuge for Coptic Christians who were persecuted by Roman Christians in Alexandria. [19] Sarabium Temple The ruins of the Serapeum temple were discovered for the first time in the village of Saqqara in 1850 by the French scientist Auguste Mariette. The temple was dedicated to the worship of the Greek-Egyptian god Serapis, but the area was used initially As a cemetery for oxen since 1400 BC, then the main gallery and sub-rooms were designed by Ramses II to form catacombs for burial of bulls and sacred calves at the pharaohs, and another important sarabium temple was built in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I, then he ordered the construction of the largest and most famous temples Absolutely. [20] Mast mast The Pompey's Pillar is considered one of the most important tourist attractions in Alexandria, as it is one of the largest huge stones over the ancient times, and is located amid the ruins of the Serapeum Temple on a rocky plateau near the Great Sphinx, and was built to celebrate the victory of Emperor Diocletian On a revolution that took place in Alexandria during its control of Egypt, where the pillar was carved from one piece of red granite located in the city of Aswan, whose weight was estimated at about 285 tons, and the diameter of the base is about 2.71 meters, and the total height of the column is about 26.85 meters. [21] Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Catacombs of Kom Ash Shuqqafa are the largest Roman burial sites in Egypt, located in Alexandria, and they were discovered by chance in 1900 AD, and they are a testament to the merger of Greek and Pharaonic styles in the construction, and the tomb vaults consist of three levels that reach deep 35 meters, and is entered through a circular staircase that was used to transport the bodies of the dead, and the basements were built in the second century AD as a cellar for a family, and remained for 300 years in use until they evolved to accommodate more than 300 bodies, and it is worth noting that the tombs cause fear for the visitor; As most of its walls are not decorated Devoid of decoration NH graphics. [22] Roman Theater The Roman Amphitheater is one of the most popular places in Alexandria, and it is located specifically in the neighborhood of Kom Al-Dikka, which means "hill of rubble"; this is because of the presence of rubble that resembles huge seats in the region, and the Roman theater in Alexandria is considered one of the most important architectural achievements For the Romans in Egypt, it was discovered by chance in 1960 AD, where steel columns were found during excavation to build a government building on the site. [23] the hanging Church The Hanging Church is one of the oldest churches in Egypt, dating back to the second century AD, and it was named the Hanging Church due to its construction south of the Babylon Fortress, and the church is also distinguished by its unique shape, as it has a wooden roof in the form of Noah's Ark, Entry to the church is through iron gates topped with pointed stone arches leading to a nineteenth-century façade with bell towers. There is also a narrow courtyard that contains paintings from the Bible, and another small courtyard that leads to a balcony dating back to the eleventh century.
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